globalization , and it is effect on the international relationship

As a terminology Globalization refers to the Shift Toward a More Integrated and Interdependent World Economy,

Globalization of markets: mean markets without any barriers worldwide that help people to exchange goods, products and knowledge easily .

Globalization can be defined as the process of international incorporation (Murray, 2006). For instance, the Silk Road, which connects Asia, Europe and Africa, is an excellent example of the transformative power of global exchange (Brook, 2008). Language, arts, religion and philosophy among other aspects of culture extended and mixed as states swapped ideas and products. Furthermore, the global migration of individuals, goods and thoughts extended considerably in the 15th and 16th centuries. This article will discuss how the United States has contributed to the emergence of globalization.

The emergence of globalization:

After centuries of technological progress and advances in international cooperation, the world is more connected than ever that make all barriers falling off that help raising of globalization and build its current shape and its effects in all sides worldwide.

In 1945, there was a conference that was held by the three allied war leaders. The conference that was known as the Yalta Conference enabled the leaders to agree in the foundation of the United Nations after the 2nd World War. This union is headquartered in New York. The main aim of the United Nations was to focus on international law, disaster relief, dispute resolution, recognition of new states and human rights aspects. During the cold war era, the Soviet Union and the United States divided the world into a bipolar system (Brubaker, 1992).

The United States practiced a quasi-globalization with the states that it was able to influence. This vastly promoted cultural exchanges and trade among other factors. These factors essentially enabled these states to remain the sphere of the United States (Brubaker, 1992). The United States also promoted free trade among its allies during the cold war era. This continued even after the collapsing of the Soviet Union in 1991. In this case, free trade referred to lack of trade barriers between nations. Trade barriers were recognized as tariffs that were imposed to traders. After the 16th amendment was endorsed, these tariffs became less necessary in the country (Bhagwati, 2004).

In the 1930s, the United States made an attempt to protect the manufacturers who were trying to survive from the Great Depression. Therefore, the Congress approved the shocking Smoot-Hawley Tariff. In 1934, the Congress approved the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. This act was prepared to slacken trade agreements and encourage other countries also to do the same. According to current statistics, the United States has incorporated 17 nations in the free trade agreements. Later on, they had a conference that involved the World War II allies in 1944. This conference formed the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. Also, this agreement was aimed at enhancing globalization (Brubaker, 1992).

This agreement also led to several multilateral trade meetings. By the end of 1993, 117 nations had accepted the proposal to create the World Trade Organization. This is one of the most successful agreements that enhanced globalization globally. Furthermore, they also focused on communication aspects (Brubaker, 1992). In relation to communication, the United States established a radio network during the cold war era which was known as Voice of America (VOA). Fortunately, this radio network is functional till today. The United States has also tried to sponsor other cultural exchange programs.

Effects of globalization on international relationships and trade :

Globalization has resulted in greater interconnectedness among markets around the world and increased communication and awareness of business opportunities in the far corners of the globe. More investors can access new investment opportunities and study new markets at a greater distance than before. Potential risks and profit opportunities are within easier reach thanks to improved communications technology.

Products and services previously available within one country are made available to new markets outside the country due to globalization. In addition, countries with positive relations between them are able to increasingly unify their economies through increased investment and trade.

Globalization has had the effect of increased competition. Companies are broadening their target area, expanding from local areas and home countries to the rest of the world. Suddenly, some companies are fighting strong competition from outside their home country.

the Effects of Globalization on points

Ø enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations.

Ø the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital.

Ø there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies

Ø worldwide production markets emerge

Ø free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits

Ø global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions.

Ø more trans-border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc.

Ø international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched.

Ø the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase.

Ø corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance.

Ø worldwide financial markets emerge

Ø multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation

Ø international travel and tourism increases

Ø worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held

Ø enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture

Ø local consumer products are exported to other countries

Ø immigration between countries increases

Ø cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place

Ø there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture

Ø free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs

Ø due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced.

Ø subsidies for local businesses decrease

Ø capital controls reduce or vanquish

References:

o   Lectures.

o   Google search.

o    http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-12-cdac/Globalization-and-International-Relations-Lianna-Amirkhanyan.pdf

o   https://medium.com/ article on it .

o   www.grademiners.com articles .

#Diary of shab2bes# AhmedAboelftooh#

Decision making process ....

Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.

Also is a choice made from two or more alternatives, Decision making is a manager’s job.

There are factors affecting decision making like perception of individual or personal experience that must not exceed 30% and related evidences 70% , that help us in decision making .

Here is the steps of decision making process that help in take a good decision and reduce the problems of decision making;

1- Identify the problem: the most important step as all coming steps follow it so we must clarify and determine the problem exactly.

2-Establish Decision criteria: define all needed related to decision it self.

3-Weight criteria: in this process we will weight the criteria according to the most needed items or decision.

4-Generate alternative: according to the need we will prepare some alternative to choose the most suitable one.

5-Evaluate the alternative: in this case we will evaluate the alternative according to the weight of needed criteria.

6- Choose the best alternative: regarding to criteria and its weight we will choose the most suitable choice.

7-Implement the decision: stage of making and implement the decision.

8-Evalute the decision: one of the most important stage as we must be sure that we cover all needed criteria and achieve the needed objective.

The bias factors of decision:

1-Availability: 

o On this case we only depend on the knowledge that is readily available rather than examine other alternatives or procedures. 

o The most recent and memorable information is given preference. 

2-Overconfiendence:

o While I see no problem as I am the decision maker

o When we are given factual questions and asked to judge the probability that our answers are correct, we tend to be far too optimistic. 

3-Anchoring Effect:

o Taking decision depending on incomplete information.

o This also happens when we are blinded by first impressions or influenced by first impressions, ideas, prices, or estimates relative to info received later. 

4-Selective perception:

o See things from our own personal perspective.

o Organize and interpret events/information based on this perception. 

o Influences what we pay attention to and the problems we identify, and the alternatives we develop or consider. 

5-Framing:

o Tendency to be influenced by the way a problem is formulated even though it should not affect the solution. 

 

6-Sunk Costs:

o By the end we sure that it is not a right decision but we still try to prove it is right.

o Tendency to “honor” already spent resources that are not affected by present or future decisions.

o Economists would label this behavior "irrational”

– it is inefficient because it misallocates resources by depending on information that is irrelevant to the decision being made.

o Throwing good money after bad.

7-Self Serving:

o Take personal credit for success while blaming outside sources for our failures. 

o Selecting information or making decisions that further our own self-interests instead of the organization or team.

8- Representation:

9-Hind Sight:

o     Mainly prove that he is not responsible for that result.

10-Immediate Gratification:

o Mainly serve his own interest not the company goal. 

 how we can reduce biases?

Reducing Biases

 Use a PROCESS

 Start with a clean slate

 Challenge the status quo

 Seek multiple perspectives

 Search for more information & data

 Play Devil’s Advocate

 Reflect on your own views & values

 Develop systemic review processes that leave you a committed “out” possibility when trying to “cut the losses”

 Avoid the potential for escalation or further emotional investment in faulty decisions engendered by premature “public” commitment.

 Search relentlessly for potentially relevant or new disconfirming evidence.

 Accept the “Chief Contrarian” as part of the team.

 Seek diverse outside opinion to counter our overconfidence.

 Reward the process and refrain from penalizing errors when the intentions and efforts are sound.

Keep in mind that you can’t escape these biases but if you are aware of them and challenge them, you will be become a stronger critical thinker and better decision maker overall.

o by USC Marshall (school of business) they provide USC-CT model in thinking and problem solving and  decision making process to help in taking a good decision and that also will help in reducing  biases impact ;

 U 

             Uncover the various potential problems, challenges & opportunities vis-à-vis organizational goals.

 S 

             Select the most critical problem(s), challenge(s) and/or opportunity(ies). Prioritize.

 C 

 Create a multitude of potential solutions.

 C 

 Choose the solution(s) that has the potential to be the most effective.

 T

  Translate your solution(s) into an effective implementation plan.

 With each step, check and challenge your thinking. What biases might be getting in the way? Am I limiting the possibilities?

#Diary of shab2bes# AhmedAboelftooh#